Drifting in a free-flowing river: Distribution of fish eggs and larvae in a small tributary of a Neotropical reservoir / À deriva em um rio de fluxo livre: Distribuição de ovos e larvas de peixes em um pequeno afluente de um reservatório Neotropical

Abstract: We investigated spatial and temporal variations in the distribution of fish eggs and larvae in the Guareí River, a free-flowing tributary located in the upper section of the Jurumirim Reservoir, Paranapanema River, Brazil. Fish eggs and larvae were sampled ~ fortnightly from November 2017 to March 2018 (Cycle 1), and from November 2018 to March 2019 (Cycle 2), at three sites distributed along the entire course of the Guareí River. We collected 859 fish eggs and 1,340 larvae, comprising 19 taxa. We found reproductive activity of several fish species in the Guareí River, including long-distance migrants. However, there was no spatial differences in the assemblage structure and densities of fish eggs and larvae along the channel of Guareí River. We recorded temporal differences in larvae density only in Cycle 2. The consistent capture of fish eggs and larvae in two reproductive cycles is strong evidence that this river is a spawning site for a variety of fish species. Thus, we recommend maintaining its natural flow regime.

Resumo: Investigamos as variações espaciais e temporais na distribuição de ovos e larvas de peixes no rio Guareí, um afluente de fluxo livre localizado na parte superior do Reservatório de Jurumirim, bacia do rio Paranapanema, Brasil. Ovos e larvas de peixes foram amostrados ~ quinzenalmente de novembro de 2017 a março de 2018 (Ciclo 1), e de novembro de 2018 a março de 2019 (Ciclo 2), em três locais distribuídos ao longo de todo o curso do rio Guareí. Foram coletados 859 ovos de peixes e 1.340 larvas, compreendendo 19 táxons. Nós encontramos atividade reprodutiva de várias espécies no rio Guareí, incluindo espécies migradoras de longa distância. Contudo, não houve diferenças espaciais na estrutura das assembleias e nas densidades de ovos e larvas e ao longo do canal do rio Guareí. Diferenças temporais foram significativas apenas para densidade de larvas no Ciclo 2. A captura consistente de ovos e larvas de peixes em dois ciclos reprodutivos é uma forte evidência de que este rio é um local para a reprodução de várias espécies de peixes. Assim, recomendamos a manutenção do seu regime de fluxo natural.

Larval fish assemblages in nearshore waters of southeast Gulf of California: vertical and temporal patterns

The influence of salinity and temperature on larval fish assemblages, as well as, temporal and vertical patterns on larval fish assemblages off the inlet of the Presidio River, southeast coast of the Gulf of California were evaluated. Samplings for ichthyoplankton and environmental parameter measurements were carried out at three depths, in five sampling sites, during September and December 1994, and April and June 1995. Anchovies and herrings (Clupeiformes) were the most abundant larval fish accounting for 77% of the total abundance. A significant relationship between salinity and the abundance of larval herrings (Opisthonema medirastre and O. dovii) and between the water temperature and the abundance of the weakfish (Cynoscion reticulatus) was found. Anchovies (Anchoa lucida, A. walkeri, and A. nasus) were present in all sampled months, while O. medirastre and O. dovii occurred in December and June, and C. reticulatus in September. Larvae of pelagic fish were more abundant near the surface, while larvae of demersal fish were more abundant near the bottom. The present study, by emphasising the importance of considering temporal and vertical changes in larval fish assemblages in coastal environments with ecological and economic importance, will be useful for designing more efficient sampling programs.(AU)

Se evaluó la influencia de la salinidad y la temperatura, así como patrones temporales y verticales en la comunidad de larvas de peces enfrente del río Presidio, costa sudeste del Golfo de California. Los muestreos de ictioplancton y las mediciones de los parámetros ambientales fueron realizados a tres profundidades, en cinco sitios de muestreo, durante septiembre y diciembre de 1994, y abril y junio de 1995. Las anchoas y sardinas (Clupeiformes) fueron las larvas de peces más abundantes representando el 77% de la abundancia total. Se encontró una relación significativa entre la salinidad y la abundancia de larvas de sardinas (Opisthonema medirastre and O. dovii), y entre la temperatura del agua y la abundancia de la corvina rayada (Cynoscion reticulatus). Las anchoas (Anchoa lucida, A. walkeri y A. nasus) estuvieron presentes en todos los meses muestreados, mientras que O. medirastre y O. dovii ocurrieron en diciembre y junio, y C. reticulatus en septiembre. Las larvas de peces pelágicos fueron más abundantes cerca de la superficie, mientras que las larvas de peces demersales fueron más abundantes cerca del fondo. El presente estudio, al enfatizar la importancia de considerar los cambios temporales y verticales en el ensamblaje de larvas de peces en ambientes costeros con importancia ecológica y económica, será útil para diseñar programas de muestreo más eficientes.(AU)

Effects of seasonal upwelling on hydrography and mesozooplankton communities in a Pacific tropical cove off Colombia

Introduction: The effects of seasonal upwelling on the conditions of the water column and mesozooplankton communities are poorly understood in the coastal zones of the Eastern Tropical Pacific (ETP), despite the important role of upwelling events in the modulation of productivity in these zones.Objective:To evaluate the influence of seasonal upwelling over the Panama Bight on the structure of the water column and mesozooplankton communities in a tropical cove of the ETP. Methods:Hydrographic data and mesozooplankton samples were collected during four field campaigns in Ensenada de Utría (December 2011, February 2012, October 2013, and February 2013), an estuary located in the Northern Pacific coast of Colombia. Non-parametric and multivariate analyses were used to evaluate seasonal differences in the environmental and biotic variables. Results:Surface waters were warm (> 25 °C) and presented low salinities ( 33), and presented low dissolved oxygen concentrations (< 2.0 ml l-1) during the dry season (January - March), whereas the water column was homogeneous during the rainy season (April - December). Despite the seasonal changes in the environmental conditions, the expected enhancement in the productivity of the system during the dry season (i.e., higher biomass and abundance of the mesozooplankton) only occurred in February 2012. Contrary to expectations, ichthyoplankton abundance was higher during the rainy season, when the assemblage was dominated by the larvae of anchovy (Cetengraulis mysticetus) and an unidentified Gobiidae.Conclusions: The entrance of upwelled waters into Ensenada de Utría is an important factor modulating the seasonal changes observed in the water column. However, there is high interannual variability in the response of mesozooplankton communities to the upwelling events. Because upwelled waters are oxygen-depleted and more acidic, the entrance of upwelled waters into Ensenada de Utría could be causing physiological stress to the benthic and pelagic organisms inhabiting the deepest zones of the cove. This condition may worsen in the future given the predicted increase of deoxygenation and ocean acidification due to climate change.

Introducción: Los efectos de surgencias estacionales sobre la estructura de la columna de agua y las comunidades del mesozooplancton son pobremente entendidos en zonas costeras del Pacífico Oriental Tropical (POT), a pesar de la importancia que tienen los eventos de surgencia en modular la productividad en estas zonas. Objetivo: Evaluar los efectos de la surgencia estacional que ocurre en la Ensenada de Panamá sobre la columna de agua y las comunidades del mesozooplancton en una ensenada tropical del POT. Métodos: Los datos hidrográficos y las muestras de mesozooplankton fueron recolectados durante cuatro campañas de muestreo en la Ensenada de Utría (diciembre 2011, febrero 2012, febrero 2013, octubre 2013), un estuario ubicado en la costa norte del Pacífico colombiano. Las diferencias estacionales en las variables ambientales y bióticas se evaluaron mediante análisis no paramétricos y multivariados. Resultados: Las aguas superficiales fueron cálidas (> 25 °C) y presentaron bajas salinidades ( 33) y presentaron menores concentraciones de oxígeno disuelto (< 2.0 ml l-1) durante la época seca (enero - marzo), mientras que la columna de agua fue homogénea durante la época de lluvias (abril - diciembre). A pesar de los cambios estacionales en las condiciones ambientales, el incremento esperado en la productividad del sistema durante la época seca (i.e., mayor biomasa y abundancia del mesozooplancton) sólo se observó durante febrero 2012. Contrario a lo esperado, la abundancia del ictioplancton fue mayor durante la época de lluvias, periodo en el que el ensamblaje estuvo dominado por un Gobiidae sin identificar y la carduma (Cetengraulis mysticetus). Conclusión: La entrada de aguas de surgencia a la Ensenada de Utría es un factor importante que modula los cambios estacionales observados en la columna de agua. Sin embargo, la respuesta de las comunidades del mesozooplancton ante los eventos de surgencia presentó alta variabilidad interanual. Considerando que las aguas de surgencia son reducidas en oxígeno y más acídicas, la entrada de aguas de surgencia a la Ensenada de Utría podría estar causando estrés fisiológico a los organismos bentónicos y pelágicos que habitan las zonas más profundas de la ensenada. Esta condición podría volverse más severa en el futuro considerando las predicciones que sugieren un incremento de la desoxigenación y acidificación del océano debido al cambio climático.

Reproductive dynamics of Lycengraulis grossidens (Clupeiformes: Engraulidae) and Platanichthys platana (Clupeiformes: Clupeidae) in a subtropical coastal lagoon / Dinâmica reprodutiva de Lycengraulis grossidens (Clupeiformes: Engraulidae) e Platanichthys platana (Clupeiformes: Clupeidae) em uma lagoa costeira subtropical

Abstract We evaluated the reproductive dynamics of two fish species, Lycengraulis grossidens and Platanichthys platana, in a subtropical freshwater coastal lagoon (Peri Lagoon) in Brazil. Samples were collected from nine sites every two months from June 2008 to April 2012. Different fishing methods were used to capture larvae, juveniles, and adults. Limnological variables were obtained using multiparameter probe. More females than males were collected of both fish species and the chi-square test (χ2) was used to confirm that the sex ratio was female-biased. Large numbers of maturing and mature fishes were observed in almost every sampling month. The gonadosomatic index (GSI) of L. grossidens was the highest in August, October, and December for females and in October for males, and no significant difference was found across years. The GSI of P. platana showed no significant difference across months for either sex; however, significant differences were recorded in year three (June 2010-April 2011) and year four (June 2011-April 2012) for females and in year three (June 2010-April 2011) for males. For both species, GSI was negatively correlated with temperature and water level. L. grossidens larvae were more abundant in October 2010, showing a positive correlation with water transparency, whereas P. platana larvae were more abundant in June 2011, showing a positive correlation with water transparency and negative correlation with temperature and precipitation. Both species were represented by different stages, including larvae, which confirm that these species reproduce in Peri Lagoon. Reproduction was more pronounced in autumn and winter; however, reproductive activity was evident throughout the sampling period. In conclusion, our results show that abiotic factors strongly influence the temporal pattern of reproductive activity and larval assemblages of both L. grossidens and P. platana in Peri Lagoon, Brazil.

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a dinâmica reprodutiva de Lycengraulis grossidens e Platanichthys platana, na lagoa do Peri, uma lagoa costeira de água doce subtropical do Brasil. As amostras foram coletadas a cada dois meses, de junho/2008 a abril/2012 em nove pontos de amostragem. Para a captura de larvas, juvenis e adultos foram utilizados diferentes apetrechos de pesca. As variáveis limnológicas foram obtidas com sonda multiparâmetro. Estatisticamente, mais fêmeas do que machos foram capturadas para as duas espécies baseado no teste de qui-quadrado (χ2). Grande número de peixes em maturação e maduros foram comuns em quase todos os meses de coleta. O índice gonadossomático (RGS) de L. grossidens variou significativamente apenas entre os meses, sendo mais elevada em agosto, outubro e dezembro para as fêmeas e em outubro para os machos; e não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os anos. Não foi encontrado diferença significativa para o RGS de P. platana entre os meses para cada sexo; entretanto, diferenças significativas foram obtidas para as fêmeas no ano três (junho 2010-abril 2011) e quatro (junho 2011-abril 2012) e no ano três (junho 2010-abril 2011) para os machos. Para as duas espécies, o RGS apresentou uma correlação negativa com a temperatura e o nível de água. A distribuição das larvas apresentou variação temporal. As larvas de L. grossidens foram mais abundantes em outubro/2010, apresentando correlação positiva com a transparência da água. As larvas da espécie P. platana foram mais abundantes em junho/2011, apresentando correlação positiva com a transparência da água e negativa com a temperatura e a precipitação. A presença de L. grossidens e P. platana em diferentes estádios de maturação e a ocorrência de larvas confirmou que essas espécies se reproduzem na lagoa do Peri. O período reprodutivo foi mais pronunciado no outono e no inverno, porém a atividade reprodutiva ocorreu durante todo o período de coleta. Em conclusão, nossos resultados mostraram que os fatores abióticos influenciam fortemente o padrão temporal da atividade reprodutiva e a assembleia de larvas da L. grossidens e da P. platana na lagoa do Peri, Brasil.

Spatial distribution and habitat use by early fish stages in a dammed river basin, Southern Brazil / Distribución espacial y uso de hábitat de peces en estadios tempranos de una represa del sur de Brasil

Abstract Fish diversity loss is threatened by the construction of dams as they prevent the regular natural dispersal among populations. Thus, conservation of key riverine habitats for fish reproduction may be essential for the recruitment of new native species of fish. The present study aimed to identify key habitats for fish spawning and early development in the Paranapanema River basin, as well as to determine the taxonomic composition, reproductive and life-history strategy, and to report spatial distribution of eggs, larvae and juveniles. The importance of lagoons, tributaries, and sub-tributaries was evaluated in the Paranapanema River basin between October 2012 and March 2013. Eggs and larvae samples were collected at dawn and dusk with conical plankton nets (0.5 mm mesh size), whereas juveniles were captured during the day with seine and sieve (0.5 cm mesh size). A total of 547 eggs, 904 larvae and 1 228 juveniles were captured. We observed that 2 larvae and 288 juveniles of non-migratory species, parental care, and equilibrium life-history strategy, predominated in lagoons and tributaries. On the other hand, 13 larvae and 60 juveniles of short migratory distance, no parental care, and periodic life-history strategy predominated in sub-tributaries. The highest densities of eggs were recorded in tributaries and sub-tributaries (Tukey's test, P = 0.001 and P = 0.03, respectively), and the highest densities of larvae were recorded for lagoons and tributaries (P = 0.005 and P = 0.0001, respectively). Captures of eggs and larvae were higher at night; while the highest catches per unit effort of juveniles were recorded for tributaries and sub-tributaries. Fish species that adopt different life-history strategies can use diverse types of habitats during the early stages. Lagoons, tributaries and sub-tributaries of the Paranapanema River play different roles in the reproductive success of fish fauna in a heavily modified basin. The preservation of spawning and nursery areas trapped between reservoirs is necessary for Neotropical fish species recruitment and survival. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(2): 605-621. Epub 2018 June 01.

Resumen Los riesgos de pérdida de diversidad de peces aumentan con la construcción de represas, ya que impide la dispersión de individuos entre las poblaciones. Por lo tanto, la conservación del habitat ribereño clave para la reproducción de peces puede ser esencial para el reclutamiento de nuevos individuos de especies nativas. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo identificar hábitats clave para el desove y el desarrollo temprano de peces en la cuenca del río Paranapanema, así como determinar la composición taxonómica, la estrategia reproductiva y la historia de vida, y reportar la distribución espacial de huevos, larvas y juveniles. Se evaluó la importancia de lagunas, afluentes y subafluentes en la cuenca del río Paranapanema entre octubre de 2012 y marzo de 2013. Se recogieron muestras de huevos y larvas al amanecer y al atardecer con redes de plancton cónico (tamaño de malla de 0,5 mm), mientras que los juveniles fueron capturados durante el día con redes de cerco y tamiz (tamaño de malla de 0,5 cm). Se capturaron un total de 547 huevos, 904 larvas y 1 228 juveniles. Como resultado fue observado que 2 larvas y 288 juveniles de especies no migratorias, cuidado parental y estrategia de vida de equilibrio son predominantes en lagunas y afluentes. Por otro lado, 13 larvas y 60 juveniles de espécies migratorias de corta distancia, sin cuidado parental y estrategia de vida periódica predominaron en subafluentes. Se registraron las densidades más altas de huevos para afluentes y subafluentes (Prueba de Tukey, P = 0.001 y P = 0.03, respectivamente), y se registraron las densidades más altas de larvas para las lagunas y afluentes (P = 0.005 y P = 0.0001, respectivamente). Las capturas de huevos y larvas eran más altas por la noche. Las mayores capturas por unidad de esfuerzo de juveniles se registraron para los afluentes y subafluentes. Las especies de peces que adoptan diferentes estrategias de historia de vida pueden utilizar diversos tipos de hábitats durante las primeras etapas. Lagunas, afluentes y subafluentes del río Paranapanema desempeñan diferentes papeles en el éxito reproductivo de la fauna de peces en una cuenca fuertemente modificada. La preservación de áreas de desove y cría atrapadas entre el embalse es necesaria para el reclutamiento de especies de peces neotropicales.

Reproductive dynamics of Lycengraulis grossidens (Clupeiformes: Engraulidae) and Platanichthys platana (Clupeiformes: Clupeidae) in a subtropical coastal lagoon

Abstract We evaluated the reproductive dynamics of two fish species, Lycengraulis grossidens and Platanichthys platana, in a subtropical freshwater coastal lagoon (Peri Lagoon) in Brazil. Samples were collected from nine sites every two months from June 2008 to April 2012. Different fishing methods were used to capture larvae, juveniles, and adults. Limnological variables were obtained using multiparameter probe. More females than males were collected of both fish species and the chi-square test (2) was used to confirm that the sex ratio was female-biased. Large numbers of maturing and mature fishes were observed in almost every sampling month. The gonadosomatic index (GSI) of L. grossidens was the highest in August, October, and December for females and in October for males, and no significant difference was found across years. The GSI of P. platana showed no significant difference across months for either sex; however, significant differences were recorded in year three (June 2010-April 2011) and year four (June 2011-April 2012) for females and in year three (June 2010-April 2011) for males. For both species, GSI was negatively correlated with temperature and water level. L. grossidens larvae were more abundant in October 2010, showing a positive correlation with water transparency, whereas P. platana larvae were more abundant in June 2011, showing a positive correlation with water transparency and negative correlation with temperature and precipitation. Both species were represented by different stages, including larvae, which confirm that these species reproduce in Peri Lagoon. Reproduction was more pronounced in autumn and winter; however, reproductive activity was evident throughout the sampling period. In conclusion, our results show that abiotic factors strongly influence the temporal pattern of reproductive activity and larval assemblages of both L. grossidens and P. platana in Peri Lagoon, Brazil.

Resumo O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar a dinâmica reprodutiva de Lycengraulis grossidens e Platanichthys platana, na lagoa do Peri, uma lagoa costeira de água doce subtropical do Brasil. As amostras foram coletadas a cada dois meses, de junho/2008 a abril/2012 em nove pontos de amostragem. Para a captura de larvas, juvenis e adultos foram utilizados diferentes apetrechos de pesca. As variáveis limnológicas foram obtidas com sonda multiparâmetro. Estatisticamente, mais fêmeas do que machos foram capturadas para as duas espécies baseado no teste de qui-quadrado (2). Grande número de peixes em maturação e maduros foram comuns em quase todos os meses de coleta. O índice gonadossomático (RGS) de L. grossidens variou significativamente apenas entre os meses, sendo mais elevada em agosto, outubro e dezembro para as fêmeas e em outubro para os machos; e não foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os anos. Não foi encontrado diferença significativa para o RGS de P. platana entre os meses para cada sexo; entretanto, diferenças significativas foram obtidas para as fêmeas no ano três (junho 2010-abril 2011) e quatro (junho 2011-abril 2012) e no ano três (junho 2010-abril 2011) para os machos. Para as duas espécies, o RGS apresentou uma correlação negativa com a temperatura e o nível de água. A distribuição das larvas apresentou variação temporal. As larvas de L. grossidens foram mais abundantes em outubro/2010, apresentando correlação positiva com a transparência da água. As larvas da espécie P. platana foram mais abundantes em junho/2011, apresentando correlação positiva com a transparência da água e negativa com a temperatura e a precipitação. A presença de L. grossidens e P. platana em diferentes estádios de maturação e a ocorrência de larvas confirmou que essas espécies se reproduzem na lagoa do Peri. O período reprodutivo foi mais pronunciado no outono e no inverno, porém a atividade reprodutiva ocorreu durante todo o período de coleta. Em conclusão, nossos resultados mostraram que os fatores abióticos influenciam fortemente o padrão temporal da atividade reprodutiva e a assembleia de larvas da L. grossidens e da P. platana na lagoa do Peri, Brasil.

Environmental characterization of the reproductive season of migratory fish of the Sinú river (Córdoba, Colombia) / Caracterización ambiental de la temporada reproductiva de los peces migradores del río Sinú (Córdoba, Colombia)

Objective. To characterize some abiotic factors during the reproductive season of migratory fish (bocachico Prochilodus magdalenae, dorada Brycon sinuensis, bagre blanco Sorubim cuspicaudus and barbul Pimelodus blochii) in the Sinú River. Materials and methods. From April to October, 2008, in Carrizola (Tierralta, 36.31 km from the Urrá hydroelectric plant) factors such as flow=Qriver, daily flow difference=ΔQriver, velocity=Vriver, temperature=Triver, electrical conductivity=CE, total dissolved solids=STD, turbidity=Turb, cloudiness=Nub, rainfall=Pluv and solar brightness=Bs were measured daily three times/day (07:00 h, 12:00 h, 17:00 h). Also, on the same schedule, ichthyoplankton was collected as an indicator of reproductive activity, assessed by reproductive frequency (Fr=number of days with presence of ichthyoplankton/number of days in the period evaluated X 100) and larval density (Dl=larval/m³). Results. The daily values of Qriver ranged between 278.7 and 838.5 m³/s, ΔQriver between 0.0 and 100.7 m³/s, Vriver between 1.40 and 1.53 m/s, Pluv between 0.0 and 88.2 mm, Triver between 27.0 and 28.7°C, STD between 73.0 and 302.3 mg/L, Turb between 9.7 and 679.7 NTU, CE between 81.0 and 361.7 mS/cm, Bs between 0.0 and 11.2 hours, Nub between 2.0 and 7.3 octaves. The Fr was 30.4%, with April (40.0%) and May (74.2%) as the higher activity reproductive months, while the Dl in the season was 4.9 larvae/m³, with the larvae group other species (2.9 larvae/m3) and bocachico (1.8 larvae/m³) as the most abundant. Conclusions. Most reproductive activity was recorded early in the season (April and May) and parameters such as Qriver, Triver, Vriver, Pluv, STD and Nub may be considered final factors associated with migratory fish reproduction.

Objetivos. Caracterizar algunos factores abióticos durante la temporada reproductiva de los peces migratorios (bocachico Prochilodus magdalenae, dorada Brycon sinuensis, bagre blanco Sorubim cuspicaudus y barbul Pimelodus blochii) en el río Sinú. Materiales y métodos. Entre abril y octubre de 2008, en Carrizola (Tierralta, 36.31 km de la Hidroeléctrica Urrá) se midieron diariamente tres veces/día (07:00h, 12:00h, 17:00h) factores como caudal=Qrío, diferencia de caudal=ΔQrío, velocidad=Vrío, temperatura=Trío, conductividad eléctrica=CE, sólidos totales disueltos=STD, turbidez=Turb, nubosidad=Nub, pluviosidad=Pluv y brillo solar=Bs; también, en el mismo horario, se recolectó ictioplancton como indicador de actividad reproductiva, evaluada mediante frecuencia reproductiva (Fr=número de días con presencia de ictioplancton/número de días del período evaluadoX100) y la densidad larval (Dl=larvas/m³). Resultados. Valores diarios de Qrío oscilaron entre 278.7 y 838.5 m³/s, ΔQrío entre 0.0 y 100.7 m3/s, Vrío entre 1.40 y 1.53 m/s, Pluv entre 0.0 y 88.2 mm, Trío entre 27.0 y 28.7°C, STD entre 73.0 y 302.3 mg/L, Turb entre 9.7 y 679.7 NTU, CE entre 81.0 y 361.7 µS/cm, Bs entre 0.0 y 11.2 horas, Nub entre 2.0 y 7.3 octas. La Fr en el período fue de 30.4%, con abril (40.0%) y mayo (74.2%) como los meses de mayor actividad reproductiva; la Dl en el período fue de 4.9 larvas/m³, con el grupo otras especies (2.9 larvas/m³) y bocachico (1.8 larvas/m³) más abundantes. Conclusiones. Mayor actividad reproductiva se registró al inicio de la temporada de lluvias (abril y mayo); con Qrío, Trío, Vrío, Pluv, STD y Nub como factores finales asociados a la reproducción de los peces migradores.

Spatio-temporal distribution of fish larvae in relation to ontogeny and water quality in the oligohaline zone of a North Brazilian estuary / Distribuicao espaco-temporal das larvas de peixes em relacao a ontogenia e qualidade da agua na zona oligohalina de um estuario norte brasileiro

Larval fish assemblage in Guajará Bay was studied through four quarterly field campaigns and discussed in relation to individuals' development stages and exposure to contaminants poured out by the Pará State Capital City, Belém. Larval densities were low and diversity extremely poor with a strong dominance of clupeids, engraulids and, to a lower extent, sciaenids. The main spawning season was registered at the onset of the rainy period. Pre-flexion and flexion clupeiforms remained in the farmost stations from the city while post-flexion larvae were found near urban activity centres. Unlikely, pre-flexion and flexion sciaenids were scattered along the city waterfront. Post-flexion larvae were rare; it is suggested that sciaenids use the bay as a transitory route between their spawning grounds and more distant nursery grounds. The waters around the city of Belém showed signs of contamination. However, based on the literature, Guajará Bay environmental quality at the time of the study was suitable for fish larvae life. Nitrate with pH best explained larval distribution.

O padrão de distribuição das larvas de peixes na Baía do Guajará foi estudado através de coletas trimestrais e discutido em relação aos estágios de desenvolvimento dos indivíduos e a exposição dos mesmos aos contaminantes despejados pela Capital do Estado do Pará, Belém. A densidade e a diversidade larval foram baixas com forte dominância dos clupeídeos, engraulídeos e, em menor grau, os cianídeos. O principal período de reprodução foi definido no início do período chuvoso. Larvas de Clupeiformes em pré-flexão e flexão foram encontradas nos pontos de coletas mais afastados da cidade, enquanto aquelas em pós-flexão prevaleceram nas margens da cidade. Por outro lado, os cianídeos em pré-flexão e flexão foram capturados perto dos centros de atividade urbana, enquando aqueles em pós-flexão foram pouco abundantes. É sugerido que a baía se encontra na rota migratória dos cianídeos entre a área de desova e os berçários mais distantes. Apesar das águas no entorno da cidade de Belém mostraram sinais de contaminação, a qualidade ambiental na Baía do Guajará no momento do estudo estava apropriada para a vida das larvas de peixes. Nitrato com pH foram as variáveis que melhor explicaram a distribuição larval.

Composição taxonômica da assembleia de larvas de peixes no reservatório de Rosana, Rio Paranapanema, Brasil / Taxonomic composition of the assemblage of fish larvae in the Rosana reservoir, Paranapanema River, Brazil

Em reservatórios, são escassos os estudos que consideram as fases iniciais do ciclo de vida de peixes, sendo que informações sobre a ecologia de larvas de peixes são úteis para o entendimento da biologia das espécies, visto que os estágios iniciais representam um período crítico no ciclo de vida dos peixes. Neste contexto, o conhecimento a respeito das assembleias de larvas pode ser valioso para a predição e o entendimento do recrutamento, auxiliando desta maneira, no manejo do ambiente. Desta forma, o presente trabalho pretende verificar a composição da assembleia de larvas de peixes em diferentes regiões do reservatório. As coletas foram realizadas trimestralmente (março, junho, setembro e dezembro) no ano de 2002, nas regiões limnética e litorânea das zonas fluvial, transição e lacustre do reservatório de Rosana. No laboratório, o material foi triado e as larvas foram separadas e identificadas ao menor nível taxonômico possível. Os táxons que tiveram maior contribuição na região limnética foram Plagioscion squamosissimus (Perciformes), Hypophthalmus edentatus, Pimelodus maculatus (Siluriformes), Astyanax spp. e Roeboides descalvadensis (Characiformes), enquanto na região litorânea Bryconamericus stramineus e Apareiodon affinis (Characiformes). As regiões limnética e litorânea do reservatório, assim como suas respectivas zonas apresentaram diferenças na composição de espécies de larvas e a segregação das assembleias pode estar sendo influenciada pela preferência por habitats ou por questões evolutivas que envolvem as estratégias reprodutivas das espécies.

There are few studies in reservoirs that consider the Early Life Stages (ELS) of fish. Information on the ecology of fish larvae are useful for understanding the biology of the species, since ELS represent a critical period in fish life cycle. In this context, knowledge about the assemblages of larvae can be valuable for the prediction and understanding of recruitment, thus assisting in the management of the environment. Therefore, this study intends to investigate the composition of the assemblage of fish larvae in different regions of Rosana reservoir. Samples were collected quarterly (March, June, September and December) in 2002, in the limnetic and littoral regions of the zones fluvial, transition and lacustrine of reservoir. In the laboratory, the material was sorted and larvae were separated and identified to lowest possible taxonomic level. The taxa that were the major contributors in the limnetic region were Plagioscion squamosissimus (Perciformes), Hypophthalmus edentatus, Pimelodus maculatus (Siluriformes), Astyanax spp. and Roeboides descalvadensis (Characiformes), whereas in the coastal region Bryconamericus stramineus and Apareiodon affinis (Characiformes) prevailed. Limnetic and littoral regions of the reservoir, as well as their respective zones showed differences in larvae species composition and segregation of assemblages can be influenced by a preference for habitats or evolutionary questions involving reproductive strategies of species.

Estudio preliminar de ictioplancton de la Amazonia peruana con énfasis en la familia Pimelodidae

En el presente trabajo se informa y describen las larvas de peces presentes en la naciente del río Madre de Dios, con énfasis en la familia Pimelodidae. Las colectas se realizaron entre noviembre y diciembre de 2004, utilizando una red de ictioplancton (300 micras de malla), en 8 transectos que cubrieron un tramo aproximado de 2 km aguas arriba y aguas abajo de la ciudad de Puerto Maldonado. Un total de 83750 larvas fueron examinadas, la mayor abundancia la presentaron los Characiformes (81%), seguido por Siluriformes (18%). En la familia Pimelodidae, se identificaron 12 especies de consumo, destacando Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum, P. fasciatum y Sorubim lima. Los principales órdenes encontrados en el ictioplancton siguen un patrón de abundancia relativa similar al estado adulto. La presencia de larvas de los grandes bagres migradores (familia Pimelodidae) en la zona de muestreo sugiere que esta parte del río Madre de Dios es un área de reproducción, y por ende de importancia para la conservación de estas especies.

This paper is a report of ichthyoplankton community and the description of fish larvae from the beginning of River Madre de Dios, in special on the family Pimelodidae. The collections were carried out between November and December of 2004, utilizing a ichthyoplankton net (300 microns of mesh), in 8 transects that covered an approximate section of 2 km upstream and downstream of the Puerto Maldonado city. A total of 83750 larvae were examined, the highest abundance was displayed by Characiformes (81%), followed by Siluriformes (18%). In the Pimelodidae family, 12 commercial species of consumption, emphasizing Pseudoplatystoma tigrinum, P. fasciatum y Sorubim lima. The main orders in ichthyoplankton follow a pattern of relative abundance similar to the adult state. The presence of larvae of great catfishes migratory (Pimelodidae family) in the zone of sampling suggests this region of the River Madre de Dios represents an area for reproduction, and therefore important for the conservation of these species.